Dr. S. K. Akram Ali
Conspiracy is as old as human civilization itself. It generally refers to a secret plan devised by a group of individuals with the intention of carrying out something illegal or harmful, particularly for political purposes. Such agreements are usually kept hidden from the general public. Historically, conspiracies have been a recurring feature in the transfer of power. Internal conflicts within royal courts were not unusual. The Battle of Plassey in 1757, for instance, was undeniably the result of a conspiracy, one that not only changed the ruling authority but also led to the loss of the country’s independence. Muslims fell victim to schemes involving Hindus, which enabled the British to implement their “divide and rule” policy effectively.
In the early twentieth century, Muslim leaders recognized this reality and, under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, began striving for their rights, culminating in the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947 and the creation of Pakistan. From its inception as an independent state, Pakistan has faced numerous conspiracies. The Rawalpindi Conspiracy had adverse effects on the people of East Pakistan from the very beginning, while Indian conspiracies also undermined the country’s territorial integrity. Political analysts suggest that during the formation of the Awami League in 1949, several communist leaders infiltrated the party with hidden agendas, aiming to establish secular Bengali nationalism. The Language Movement created a favorable environment for them, allowing them to influence the politics of East Pakistan for their own interests. This “dirty politics” ultimately paved the way for the imposition of martial law in 1958.
During Ayub Khan’s rule, democratic practices were severely suppressed. The defeat of Fatima Jinnah in the 1965 presidential election deeply disappointed political leaders. The government filed the Agartala Conspiracy Case against Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, but the public largely dismissed it, and his popularity only grew, leading to his landslide victory in the 1970 election. Yet conspiracies by the ruling elite deprived him of his legitimate claim to power. After Bangladesh gained independence, the Awami League sought to portray the Agartala Conspiracy Case as factual. Historical accounts suggest that even before 1971, there were communications between the Awami League and India aimed at separating East Pakistan, ultimately securing Bangladesh’s independence. Political conspiracies continued with the formation of JASAD, with Sirajul Alam Khan emerging as a key planner of post-independence political maneuverings, reportedly maintaining long-standing connections with India.
JASAD challenged Awami League politics and helped lay the groundwork for the fall of Sheikh Mujib’s government. The establishment of a one-party system in January 1975 sparked further conspiracies, culminating in the tragic events of August that year, with Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad widely considered the principal architect. While international forces were implicated, it was ultimately through public support that Bangladesh secured its independence. Ziaur Rahman also faced a series of conspiracies during his tenure, most originating within the military, which he managed to suppress. However, a conspiracy led by his close associate, General Mohammad Manzur Ahmed, ultimately succeeded, resulting in Ziaur Rahman’s assassination.
During the first caretaker government in 1996, General Mohammad Nasim attempted to seize state power. Though unsuccessful, this event paved the way for the Awami League’s return to power. Similarly, the appointment of General Moeen U Ahmed was influenced by biased government decisions, favoring him over other competent generals. The primary planner behind this was General Masud Uddin Chowdhury, a politically connected associate. Both generals hailed from Noakhali district, and Masud Uddin Chowdhury’s background in the Rakkhi Bahini and affiliation with the Awami League contributed to broader conspiracies aimed at marginalising the BNP and Ziaur Rahman’s family. He has also been accused of involvement in the physical torture of the current Prime Minister, Tarique Rahman.
Conspiracies cannot be entirely denied, but the most effective counter is preparedness. Governments must maintain intelligence networks capable of detecting early signs of conspiracy and neutralizing them promptly. Administration must remain free from nepotism and bias, with integrity and merit as the sole criteria for appointments in both civil and military sectors, since any compromise may lead to serious consequences. Typically, conspiracies emerge from dissatisfied or marginalized members within a ruling circle. Ambitious relatives and close associates often exploit governmental weaknesses, while external forces may seek strategic advantage. A strong government, led by mature leadership and supported by a healthy political environment, can effectively resist both internal and external conspiracies.
His shift from democracy to one-party rule led to the most tragic outcome of his life. In contrast, Ziaur Rahman avoided nepotism, maintained control over colleagues, and achieved success in his political career. His integrity and commitment offer a model for present and future leaders, demonstrating the importance of administrative and foreign policy prudence. The current Prime Minister must remain vigilant to both domestic and international political conditions, showing wisdom and maturity in addressing challenges. Potential conflicts, including war, must be confronted with confidence and determination. By staying focused on goals, all uncertainties and obstacles can be effectively managed.
(The writer is an academic and political commentator in Bangladesh and can be reached at editorial@metro-morning.com)
